Note for  blind, VI, and sighted users

This chapter contains many equations that include a symbol that looks like a dot, but which is not readable by the accessibility equipment used by blind and VI students.

Therefore, wherever practical, I will replace that symbol by the word dot enclosed in parentheses as shown below:

u (dot) v

In addition, the chapter contains many instances showing squared terms where the superscript 2 is used as an exponent. Accessibility equipment used by blind and VI students frequently does not identify the superscript. Therefore, wherever practical, I will replace that syntax by the following, which is a common programming symbol for raising a value to a power:

x^2

Prof. Baldwin